Social Behavior of the Silvered Leaf Monkey Essay Example for Free

Social Behavior of the Silvered Leaf Monkey Essay Adult Silvered Leaf Monkey (Trachyphitecus sp. ) can be distinguished by having silver-tip fur, with dark-skinned face, a feature which is entirely different from the infants. Infants can be seen as a starling bright orange. However, in Sabah (Malaysian Borneo) reddish adults also occur. Species Range Species of Silvered Leaf Monkeys can be found ranging from Indochina, Southern Burma, Southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. Group Size Species of Silvered Leaf Monkey are usually found in groups up to about ten. The average group size of Javan Langur is around seven individuals (V. Nijman, unpubl. data; cited in Nijman and van Balen, 1998). Based on Kool (1991) found that groups ranged in size from 6-21 individuals with one or two adult males in the group. Group sizes were observed to be larger on Lombok Island, Indonesia, in secondary and monsoon forests than in tropical forests (Supriatna et al. , 1986). Foraging Behavior of Silvered Leaf Monkey Silvered Leaf Monkeys are observed feeding on young leaf shoots or forest fruits in swampy areas, riverine forests and back-mangrove (â€Å"Silvered Leaf Monkey. † 2007). The diet of the Leaf Monkey consists of young leaves and leaf buds, including sweet and fleshy fruits (ripe and unripe), flowers, flower buds, and insect larvae (Kool, 1993). During times that fruits are unavailable or not in season, they increase the intake of young shoots/leaves. It was found out that half of the dietary intake for the subspecies T. auratus sondaicus consisted of protein-rich leaves (Kool, 1992, 1993). In addition to that, the leaves that, the Silver Leaf Monkey selects and prefers to eat consists of low-fiber contents which are easily digestible (Kool, 1992). Silver Leaf Monkey rarely eat mature leaves, they are observed to spent 20% of feeding time foraging on species of Moraceae. When the favored food are scares, their important food source are young leaves of the teak tree (Tectona grandis), (Kool, 1993, 1991). The midrib part of the leaf of teak tree are mostly preferred to be eaten by the Silver leaf Monkey. Nutritional Value of Their Diets Part of their diet, are high protein rich leaves and leaves with low fiber-content which are easily digestible. According to Kool (1993) twenty seven to thirty seven percent of their diets was fruit in which fifteen to twenty seven percent consists of the diets of unripe fruit, and ten to twelve percent of the diet ripe fruit. These fruits that they consume consists of higher amount of condensed tannins, (which according to Goltenboth 1976; Davies, et al. , 1998; Kool, 1992, is useful in the diet because they may reduce acidosis of the stomach by slowing down the rate of fermentation) and total phenolics. Part of the diet of the subpsecies T. auratus sondaicus are ripe fruits which was found causing acidosis in colobines, this is maybe the reason why colobines avoid eating this (Goltenboth, 1976; Kool, 1992). Some of the species also prefer eating fruits with seeds. Some of the important species of trees they prefer to consume are from Ficus sinulata, Ficis sumatrana and Vitex pinnata (Kool, 1993). Depending on what kind of fruits was in season especially during the month of July, August, September, January and February, the kind of food that different groups prefers, varies. Groups may feeds simultaneously having the same food preference. Individuals may be observed eating while the others are traveling or resting. It was also observed that compared to other group of adults and sub-adults the male Silvered Leaf Monkey fed less frequently (Brotoisworo and Dirgavusa, 1991). Locomotion It was observed that the silvered leaf monkey (Javan langur) moves through the forest, quadrupedally (Rowe, 1996). Social Behavior The species of Javan langur are found living in social groups of one or two adult males and some groups on Lombok islands are observed to have only one male. The males were observed to separate and travel solitarily or mixed with all-male groups. The male tends to maintain close proximity with other males the same is true with the females, who tend to maintain close proximity with other females. Aggressive behavior of adult females against one another of the same sex can be observed. Some females may tend to care infants which are not from them (Kool, 1991; Supriatna, etal. 1986; Bennett and Davies, 1994; Rowe, 1994; and Mengantara and Dirgayusa, 1994). Vocal Communication: Silvered leaf Monkey produced a sound like â€Å"ghek-ghok-ghek-ghok,† which serves as their alarm call (Gumaya et al). Reproduction: The species of silvered leaf monkey produces or gives birth to only one offspring at a time. References Bennett, E. L. and Davies, A. G. 1994. The Ecology of Asian Colobines. in Colobine Monkeys: Their Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution. eds. A. G. Davies and J. F. Oates. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. Brotoisworo, E. and Dirgayusa, I. W. A. 1991. Ranging and Feeding Behavior of Presbytis cristata in the Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia. in Primatology Today. eds. A. Ehara, T. Kimura, O. Takenaka, and M. Iwamoto. Elsevier Science Publishers: Amsterdam. Davies, A. G. , Bennett, E. L. , and Waterman, P. G. 1988. Food Selection By Two South-east Asian colobine monkeys (Presbytis rubicunda and Presbytis melalophos) in Relation to Plant Chemistry. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Vol. 34, 33-56. Djuwantoko. 1994. Habitat and Conservation of Ebony Leaf Monkey in Deciduous Forests (teak), in Central Java. (abstract) XVth Congress of the International Primatological Society. Bali-Indonesia. Goltenboth, R. 1976. Non Human Primates (apes, monkeys and prosimians). in The Handbook of Zoo Medicine. (translation) eds. H-G. Klos and E. M. Lang. Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York. Gurmaya, K. J. , Adiputra, I. M. W. , Saryatiman, A. B. , Danardono, S. N. , and Sibuea, T. T. H. 1994. A Preliminary Study on Ecology and Conservation of the Java Primates Kool, K. M. 1991. â€Å"Behavioral Ecology of the Silver Leaf Monkey, Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus, in the Pangandaran Nature Reserve,† West Java, Indonesia: (abstract) Primate Eye. Vol. 44, 19-20. Kool, K. M. 1992. Food Selection by the Silver Leaf Monkey, Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus, in Relation to Plant Chemistry. Oecologia. Vol. 90, 527-533. Kool, K. M. 1993. â€Å"The Diet and Feeding Behavior of the Slilver Leaf Monkey, (Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus) in Indonesia. † International Journal of Primatology: Vol. 14(5), 667-700. Mengantara, E. and Dirgayusa, I. W. A. 1994. Social Behavior of lutung (Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus) in Pangandaran Nature Reserve. (abstract) XVth Congress of t

Fear And Loathing In Las Vegas Essay -- Film Movie Movies Films Las Ve

Fear And Loathing In Las Vegas The story begins abruptly, as we find our mock heroes out in the desert en route to the savvy resort of Las Vegas. The author uses a tense hitchhiker as a mode, or an excuse, for a flashback that exposes the plot. An uncertain character picked up in the middle of the desert who Raoul Duke, the main character, feels the need to explain things to, to help him rest easy. They had two bags of grass, seventy-five pellets of mescaline, five sheets of high-powered blotter acid, a salt shaker half-full of cocaine, and a whole galaxy of multicolored uppers, downers, screamers, laughers....Also a quart of tequila, a quart of rum, a case of Budweiser, a pint of raw either, and two dozen amyls. They were on assignment from a fashionable sporting magazine in New York, to cover the 4th Annual "Mint 400" dirt bike and dune buggy race. A savage journey to the heart of the American dream.Before one can review the motion picture "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas", he must first research the full length novel of the same name. The book first appeared in 1971 in issues 95 and 96 of Rolling Stone magazine, published November 11th and 25th respectively. Although the two part series stated its author was someone called Raoul Duke, the story was copyrighted in 1971 by Hunter S. Thompson. Raoul Duke is actually the false name under which Hunter Thompson portrays himself as main character and narrator.The film was produced in the early goings of summer in 199...

Dippin Dots UK

Case 34: Dippin’ Dots Ice Cream and Coffee? 1) What elements in the external environment might affect Dippin’ Dots’ strategy? * The threat of new entrants into the industry creates more competition. * The power of the suppliers and buyers. As the present competition and potential new competition in the â€Å"frozen desserts† segment, have a major effect externally. * There are already substitutes to the Dippin’ Dots’ products, but there is still threat of new substitutes. * Intense rivalry is among Dippin’ Dots’; there are many imitators of this product. * Due to the market prices, the economy has a great impact on sales. ) What internal resources does Dippin’ Dots have that might help it support its competitive strategy? * A Unique Value Chain * Professional business connection with McDonalds. * The human intellectual knowledge was what separated Dippin’ Dots’ from others. * Jones was a microbiologist, * R& D is one major key in the Dippin’ Dots’ market, after all that’s how Mr. Jones started. * Example Mr. Jones developed the â€Å"microencapsulating†. * Entrepreneurial leadership was how Dippin’ Dots’ was created, and have leaded them to a creative mindset. * One of the 500 fastest growing companies, ranked #4 on the Entrepreneur magazine’s 2004 list. Total quality management lead to the quality of products and processes that Dippin’ Dots’ creates. 3) What is Dippin’ Dots’ competitive strategy, and what is the basis of its competitive advantage? * Total Quality Management: * The quality standards are maintained throughout the organization. * The overall product is a competitive strategy in itself. * Procedures, processes and resources needed to implement quality management, and are determined by the quality of the product, the satisfaction of the customer, cost analysis, revenue, and management performance. The Growth and Expansion * Interest is increasing for Dippin’ Dots’, and other entrepreneurs contacted Jones about opening up stores to sell. * Dippin’ Dots’ has grown into a multimillion dollar company gaining more dealers. * Franchise Dippin’ Dots’. 4) How has an entrepreneurial strategy and the management of innovation helped Dippin’ Dots establish its competitive edge? What challenges remain for Curt Jones? * Entrepreneurial Strategy * Family Business Model * Adaptive new entry * Ability to begin franchises, and get their names out there. * Management Innovations Incremental innovations through the development of new ways to make Dippin’ Dots’ even more of a threat. * Sustainability to be able to continue to grow their business. * Curt Jones got a patent for public disclosure of the invention. * Challenges for MR. Jones * There is always going to be completion that could impact the company, especially their popularit y. * Advertising can be an issue, there is a lack of it in the market, and is only marketed in certain areas. * Finding was to continue to make Dippin’ Dots’ rare and difficult to imitate, because so many frozen dessert companies are trying to come close to imitate the ice cream dots.

Bandura s Social Learning Theory Essay - 714 Words

Introduction I chose the Bandura’s Social Learning Theory Scavenger Hunt, because social learning theory is widely used in daily life and vary easily to be found around us. Bandura’s Social learning theory is an extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior (Berger, 2014, p. 28). To apply this theory, I observe people and environment around me for three days and try to find the relationships of people’s behaviors. I observed classmates’ activities during the class. When I went to my friend’s house, I also played with her daughter and found some examples. Course Concepts Application Concept 1 During the microbiology class, we needed to make some media for our experiments. No one had done this procedure before. The professor showed us a YouTube video. In that video, there was a woman making media. She calculated how much powder she would use, and then weighted by balance. Then she added the powder to the flask and added 250mL distilled water. Finally, she mixed the solution with magnetic stirrer. The process of our observations of her behavior is modeling. Modeling is observing the behavior performed by others (S. Anderson, personal communication, September 14, 2016). We had never experienced the process before. In order to learn this behavior, we first modeled it. We have information of how to do it. Concept 2 Attention is a significant step of the cognitive process. Attention determine what is selectivelyShow MoreRelatedBandura s Social Learning Theory969 Words   |  4 Pagesthat make the most sense in the world. Something like the social learning theory was overlooked. But it has provided such great insight as to why we do certainly in our lives. Bandura’s theory has paved the way to many studies and has open our minds to the possibility that we affect each other in a way we would not imagine. 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Children from large families or children who attend day care may do this a lot, they will always be observing other children or their siblings behavior, attitude or emotional reactions even if they don’t intend to. . In society, children are surrounded by many influential models, such as parents within the family, characters on children’sRead MoreAlbert Bandura s Social Learning Theory1340 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory is a theory that includes development theories in order to understand how children learn. Bandura’s theory is based on how people can learn by observing others, how internal mental states influence people, and how learning something does not change one’s behavior every time. Bandura was able to find out that people learn by three observational models. 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Social Learning Theory Social learning theory suggests thatRead MoreAlbert Bandura s Social Learning Theory1323 Words   |  6 PagesAlbert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory has aided in the understanding of human development. Humans are a unique set of individuals who continue to evolve in nature. They are social beings and interactions make up a significant part of their daily lives and general nature. My interest in this theory comes from my tendency to observe others. It’s fascinating to see how people are going to react to situations that come their way and how they develop from it. People tend to learn from others as wellRead MoreAlbert Bandura s Social Learning Theory1737 Words   |  7 PagesTheory of Social Learning Albert Bandura’s social learning theory posits that observation is a major constituent of behaviour development (Bandura, 1978). Observation models include attractiveness, status and perceived similarities. 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